Fig. 1

A 3D simplification space for quantifying the degree of spatial (in-plane and out-of-plane lumping) and temporal simplifications. The schematic illustrates the spatial simplifications, with the red region indicating the amount of volume assumed simultaneous deposition while the green region indicates previously deposited layer(s). The temporal simplification is represented by extending the heating time while \(\dot{Q}_v^{'''}\) denotes the input power. The dotted red line indicates the gradual heating concept introduced by Chiumenti et al. [37]