Fig. 11
From: Solving multiphysics-based inverse problems with learned surrogates and constraints
Permeability inversions from time-lapse seismic data. a Inversion result using PDE solvers. b The same as a but for the FNO surrogate. c The same as a but with the NF-based constraint. d The same as a but now for the FNO surrogate with the NF-based constraint. e–h The error of the permeability inversion results in a–d compared to the unseen ground truth shown in Fig. 6a. i The FNO prediction errors as a function of the number of iterations for b and d