Fig. 6

Comparison with the hydraulic experiment performed by Hayashi et al. [39] with the plastic wire tree model shown in a. b The staggered arrangement of 97 miniature trees in the open channel used in the laboratory experiments by [39]. c The depth distribution in the streamwise directions, where the \(\Delta h /h_{in}\) in Eq. (16) is 41.4% (Hayashi et al.), 26.8% (Tree) and 7.9% (Cylinder). The array of trees/cylinders is expressed with the green zone. d The spatiotemporally averaged velocity profile in the vertical direction on Surface-II. The standard deviations obtained from both canopied-tree models and cylinder models are expressed with red and blue bands. e, f compares the dynamic pressure distributions on the \(x-z\) surface at \(y=0.0\)