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Table 1 Simulation conditions for seepage failure simulation

From: Seepage failure prediction of breakwater using an unresolved ISPH-DEM coupling method enriched with Terzaghi’s critical hydraulic gradient

ISPH (Tsunami)

  

Initial particle distance

\({r_0}\)

\(0.50 \, \textrm{cm}\)

Density

\({\rho _f}\)

\(1.00 \,\mathrm{g/cm^3}\)

Kinematic viscosity

\({\nu _f}\)

\(0.01 \, \mathrm{cm^2/s}\)

Relaxation parameter

\({\gamma }\)

0.001

Time increment for ISPH

\({\Delta t_\textrm{SPH}}\)

\(10^{-5} \,\textrm{s}\)

DEM (Rubble mound)

  

Diameter

\({d_s}\)

\(0.50 \,\textrm{cm}\)

Density

\({\rho _s}\)

\(1.86 \,\mathrm{g/cm^3}\)

Restitution coefficient

e

0.10

Friction coefficient

\({\mu _s}\)

0.752

Spring stiffness

k

\(100000 \,\mathrm{N/m}\)

Rolling friction coefficient

\({\mu _r}\)

0.10

Time increment for DEM

\({\Delta t_\textrm{DEM}}\)

\(10^{-7} \,\textrm{s}\)

DEM (Caisson block)

 

Diameter of component particle

\(0.50 \,\textrm{cm}\)

Density

\(2.03 \,\mathrm{g/cm^3}\)

Volume

Height \(19.5\,\textrm{cm}\) \(\times \) Breadth \(18.5\,\textrm{cm}\) \(\times \) Depth \(5\,\textrm{cm}\)