Fig. 14

Comparison of internal and kinetic energy from Abaqus and FM models with twenty-five embedded elements with reference to the energy of a solid element with no embedded elements. The additional strain energy from the volume redundancy is constant with changes in strain rate as expected and is easily corrected for using FM Corrected. The volume redundancy also adds extra mass which ought to increase the error as the nodal velocities increase with the increasing applied strain rate. This effect occurs at very high strain rates. FM Corrected is able to bring the error in energy down to less than 10% for all velocities