Table 1 Default parameters used in the simulation

RVE length

\( \ell \)

1.0

(mm)

Inclusion diameter

\( \ell _i \)

0.3

(mm)

Inclusion volume fraction

\( V_{f_i} \)

\( \sim \) 0.5

Maximum attainable concentration in inclusion [42]

\( c_{\max } \)

24,161

(\(\hbox {mol m}^{-3}\))

Minimum attainable concentration in inclusion [42]

\( c_0 = 0.19 c_{\max } \)

4590.59

(\(\hbox {mol m}^{-3}\))

Absolute temperature

\( T_0 \)

298

(K)

Boltzmann constant

\( k_b \)

\(1.3806\times 10^{-23}\)

(\(\hbox {m}^{2}\, \hbox {kg s}^{-2} \, \hbox {K}^{-1}\))

Inclusion chemical modulus [28]

\( \Lambda _i = k_b T_0 / c_0\)

10,202

(\(\hbox {J m}^{-3}/(\hbox {mol m}^{-3})^2 \))

Maximum chemical potential in inclusion

\( \mu _{\max }=\Lambda _i(c_{\max }-c_0)\)

\(1.99\times 10^{8}\)

(\(\hbox {J }/ \hbox {m}^{-3}/(\hbox {mol m}^{-3} )\))

Matrix diffusivity [28]

\( {\mathcal {D}}_m \)

\(6\times 10^{-11}\)

(\(\hbox {m}^{2}\, \hbox {s}^{-1}\))

Inclusion diffusivity [28]

\( {\mathcal {D}}_i \)

\(1\times 10^{-16}\)

(\(\hbox {m}^{2}\, \hbox {s}^{-1}\))

Matrix characteristic time

\( t_m = \frac{\ell ^2}{{\mathcal {D}}_m} \)

\(1.6\times 10^{4}\)

(s)

Inclusion characteristic time

\( t_i = \frac{\ell _i^2}{{\mathcal {D}}_i} \)

\(3\times 10^{12}\)

(s)

Matrix Young’s modulus [42]

\( E_m \)

1

(GPa)

Inclusion Young’s modulus [42]

\( E_i \)

10

(GPa)

Poisson’s ratio [42]

\( \nu _m\ \& \ \nu _i \)

0.3

Inclusions partial molar volume [42]

\( \gamma \)

\(3.497 \times 10^{-6}\)

(\(\hbox {m}^{-3}\, \hbox {mol}^{-1}\))

Number of elements

25,498 TRI3

Number of nodes

12,494

Total loading time

T

\( 0.1 t_i \)

(s)

Loading frequency

\( \omega \)

1

(Hz)