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Table 2 Displacement and energy evaluation of the three-layered cylindrical panel under bending, obtained through hierarchical elements with \(p=7\)

From: Evaluation of shear and membrane locking in refined hierarchical shell finite elements for laminated structures

\({{\varvec{R}}}_{\varvec{\beta }}{{\varvec{/h}}}\)

TOS

Integration

\(\bar{{\varvec{w}}}\) (%)–

\({\varvec{E}}_{{\varvec{memb}}}/{\varvec{E}}\) (%)

\({\varvec{E}}_{{\varvec{bend}}}/{\varvec{E}}\) (%)

\({\varvec{E}}_{{\varvec{ps}}}/{\varvec{E}}\) (%)

\({\varvec{E}}_{{\varvec{zs}}}/{\varvec{E}}\) (%)

\({\varvec{E}}_{{\varvec{zz}}}/{\varvec{E}}\) (%)

10

FSDT

FULL

294.5

0.0

20.5

0.0

79.5

–

LE4

FULL

330.4

0.0

17.0

0.0

59.5

23.5

LE4

REDI

329.9

0.0

17.0

0.0

59.4

23.6

LE4

SELI

330.4

0.0

17.0

0.0

59.5

23.5

100

FSDT

FULL

61.67

0.0

96.3

0.0

3.7

–

LE4

FULL

62.45

0.0

95.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

LE4

REDI

62.33

0.0

95.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

LE4

SELI

62.45

0.0

95.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

1000

FSDT

FULL

59.57

0.0

100.0

0.0

0.0

–

LE4

FULL

59.58

0.0

99.9

0.0

0.1

0.0

LE4

REDI

59.48

0.0

99.9

0.0

0.1

0.0

LE4

SELI

59.58

0.0

99.9

0.0

0.1

0.0

5000

FSDT

FULL

59.61

0.0

100.0

0.0

0.0

–

LE4

FULL

59.61

0.0

100.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

LE4

REDI

59.52

0.0

100.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

LE4

SELI

59.61

0.0

100.0

0.0

0.0

0.0