Table 1 Mechanical properties of alumina adopted in the simulations

Young’s modulus (\(\mathrm {GPa}\))

E

260

Mass density (\(\mathrm {kg/m^3}\))

\(\rho \)

3600

Poisson’s ratio (–)

\(\nu \)

0.21

Maximum tensile strength (\(\mathrm {MPa}\))

\(\tau _{\text {max}}\)

400

Fracture energy (\(\mathrm {N/m}\))

G

34