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Table 1 Material properties used [24, 29, 35]

From: Three-dimensional finite element modeling of ductile crack initiation and propagation

Shear modulus G

80.19 GPa

Bulk modulus K

164.21 GPa

Initial flow stress \(\tau _{\mathrm {y}0}\)

0.45 GPa

Residual flow stress \(\tau _{\mathrm {y}\infty }\)

0.715 GPa

Linear hardening coefficient h

0.129 GPa

Saturation exponent \(\alpha \)

16.93

Damage initiation threshold \(\kappa _\mathrm {i}\)

0

Critical value of history parameter \(\kappa _\mathrm {c}\)

0.4

Intrinsic length \(\ell \)

1 mm

Damage parameter A

3.9

Damage parameter B

0.63