From: Performance evaluation of vehicle front structure in crash energy management using lumped mass spring system
Structural mode
λ 1
λ 2
λ 3
λ 4
λ 5
λ 6
λ 7
λ 8
Normal
0.20
0.45
0.001
0.25
0.015
0.10
Reversed
0.43
0.025
0.50
0.010
0.05